copyright © D. Sharp Cox & Barnard's Saint Nicolas, in the west wall of the tower of St Nicolas Church, Portslade |
copyright © Royal Pavilion &
Museums, Brighton & Hove
1911 Advert |
In fact, the business was founded by Brighton born Albert William Loomes in 1901, and his name was still to be found on old drawings kept at the office.
copyright © D. Sharp Number 7 Blatchington Road, Hove, where Oliver Cox and William Barnard worked under the direction of Albert Loomes until they took over the business in 1920 |
Loomes died in 1920 and he left his business to two of his employees who worked for him as glass-cutters. There were Oliver Cox and William Barnard. Cox was a quiet, pleasant man of short stature who oversaw the administration side, while Barnard was more down to earth, but they both continued to ply their trade as glass-cutters, and they employed a strict Victorian-style foreman.
copyright © D. Sharp Number 7 Blatchington Road, Hove |
The artist Harry Mileham (1873-1957) moved from Beckenham to live at 42, Osmond Road, Hove in 1917. Mileham was educated at Dulwich College, then the Lambeth Schools, and finally in 1892 he attended the Royal Academy Schools. The works of Giotto and Raphael were major influences on Mileham’s style, while from the contemporary scene he admired the works of Burne Jones. He remained faithful to his particular style long after the Victorian genre had fallen out of favour. Mileham frequently collaborated with Cox & Barnard. Some of his designs, that were manufactured by Cox & Barnard can be seen in the Sussex churches of St Mary's Kemp Town, Brighton, St Stephen’s Seaford, Holy Trinity, High Hurstwood and in Norfolk at St Mary’s Kelling. Harry Mileham has been dubbed Hove’s lost Pre-Raphaelite.
See 42 Osmond Road for a more details of Harry Mileham’s artistic career, his magnificent paintings of the Stations of the Cross are shown on the St Thomas the Apostle page (now on permanent displayed in St Mary’s Kemp Town, Brighton).
142 Old Shoreham Road, Hove.
copyright © D. Sharp 142 Old Shoreham Road, Hove |
Leslie had fond memories of the
large studio that took up the front of the building, and was occupied
by five artists kept busy painting stained-glass window designs. The
firm employed no less that twenty-four glaziers who had to work four
to a bench, and there were two glass-cutters.
copyright © Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove |
That Art Nouveau style has now come full circle and is popular once more. Sometimes, the firm was requested to repair a piece that they recognised as having been designed and made by them 50 or 60 years previously.
Probably, the pinnacle achievement in Cox &
Barnard’s long company’s history was in 1946, when they gained
international recognition for their craftsmanship and expertise, in
their assembling of over 120 stained glass fragments at the request
of Major (Revd) Harold Appleyard, for a War Memorial in Christ Church
Anglican, Meaford, Ontario, Canada.
copyright © The Diocese of Huron Christ Church Anglican, Meaford, Ontario, Canada. |
Christ Church Anglican Meaford is situated within the Diocese of Huron and located on the edge of Nottawasaga Bay, a sub basin of Georgian Bay with an outlet into Lake Huron (one of North America’s Great Lakes). An Anglican wooden church was built at Meaford in 1862 which was replaced with a permanent stone built church in the late 1870s. The architectural style of Christ Church has elements of the Early English church design so much loved by Victorians in the days of Empire.
The architectural design of Christ Church, Meaford, loved by its local community, would never get a mention when set against the grand designs of the great Cathedrals and Churches of Canada, but what Christ Church Meaford has, are unique features, unmatched amongst the whole of Canada’s ecclesiastical buildings and set within its own walls, namely the War Memorial, made from European stained glass fragments dating from the Late Medieval until the Late Victorian period of history.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Meaford Memorial Window Number 1 |
Leslie Aylward was still an apprentice at Cox & Barnard and clearly remembers the occasion when Major Appleyard arrived at the Cox & Barnard workshop in Old Shoreham Road, Hove. Major Appleyard wanted the craftsmen to use the ‘old traditional method of using sawdust to dry the cement between the pieces of stained glass in the memorial windows’ for Meaford’s Church.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Meaford Memorial Window Number 2 |
The Christ Church memorial windows were assembled from coloured glass fragments from 125 English and Welsh churches, as well as a few from Ireland, France, Belgium and Holland. Fragments of stained glass were also collected from some of the great cathedrals of the United Kingdom, namely:- In England - Canterbury, Chichester, Winchester, Bristol, Coventry, Manchester, St Paul’s London, Exeter and from Wales – Llandaff.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 3,
At the start of the Second World War all Medieval Stained Glass was removed from Canterbury Cathedral, but much of the Victorian glass was left in place, of which this is an example and subjected to bomb damage. The subject of this windows appears to be The Raising of Jairus's Daughter, in the right corner of this window a foot of a recumbent figure can be seen, the accompany right panel window to this theme was probably completely destroyed in the bomb blast. |
Canterbury Cathedral has a particular significance to the worldwide Anglican Communion to which Meaford uniquely has, a material connection as well, in the form of its own Canterbury Cathedral's stained glass set within its Christ Church windows.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
This enlarged image from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 4,
is a Victorian window from Canterbury Cathedral, an Angel is holding a banner with the Latin inscription‘Timoratus’, which translates to either:- God-Fearing, Devout, Reverent. |
Some of the Meaford stained glass dates from the 14th century, pre-dating the foundation of the nation states of Canada and the United States of America by many hundreds of years. It could be said that some of Meaford’s oldest windows have stood witness to the faith for over 700 years pre-dating every ecclesiastical building in North America.
The significance of the Meaford Memorial Windows installation in 1946 may have been lost to subsequent generations outside of Ontario. The official unveiling of the Christ Church Memorial Windows was actually carried out by Mabel Randle and Winnie Hackett, two mothers in the parish who had lost sons in the war. The event was thought so important, that CBC-Radio Canada broadcast live the whole Memorial Service from Christ Church on 11th August 1946. This Memorial Service was re-broadcast by BBC Radio in London to the whole of the UK and subsequently re-broadcast again by the BBC World Service Radio to Europe and beyond. The New York Times and a number of Ontario's newspapers sent reporters to cover the event.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Meaford Memorial Window Number 3 |
The story of the Meaford stained glass windows starts in 1941 when Major, the Revd Harold Appleyard, was posted to southern England, in the Sussex town of Horsham with the Royal Regiment of Canada.
The following
article has been re-printed here by kind permission of Christ Church Anglican, Meaford, which was co-authored by David Appleyard, Edward Appleyard and
Nancy (née Appleyard) Fraser, (Bishop Harold
Appleyard’s children) :-
When the Reverend Harold Appleyard was appointed
rector of Christ Church, Meaford, in 1938, he looked forward to a
lengthy tenure. He had been born in the rectory of St. George’s
Church, Clarksburg, and his father had been the rector both there and
at Fairmount. This would be like coming home for him. However, the
outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 and the terrible news of young men
from Meaford dying overseas brought about a change of his plans.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Meaford Memorial Window Number 4 |
Signing up as a military chaplain in 1941 with the rank of (honorary) captain, Appleyard soon found himself posted to an embattled southern England.
The destruction appalled him – homes, factories, schools – and so many churches. Almost immediately he began to collect shards of stained glass from the shattered windows of damaged churches. It is uncertain when he got the idea for the memorial windows, but his diaries reveal his intentions after only two months abroad.One night he was on volunteer fire duty in the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. There he met Mr. G. S. Sherrin, an architect appointed by the Crown with responsibility for the ancient churches of London. Mr. Sherrin was enthusiastic about the young chaplain’s idea and referred him to the Cox & Barnard Stained Glass Works in Hove, near Brighton in Sussex.
To Captain Appleyard’s great joy, Mr. Cox offered to design and re-lead the glass to fit Christ Church, Meaford, and he would do it free of charge in gratitude to Canadians for their war efforts!
As long as he was in England he collected and carefully labelled bits of glass from scores of churches, large and small. Then, when his regiment moved to the continent in 1944, in the wake of the D-Day invasion, he continued his quest in France, Belgium and Holland.
It was usually possible to get permission from the church to remove the bits of seemingly unusable glass, and his diaries often refer to vicars or vergers giving him pieces for the memorial windows. Sherrin became so enthusiastic that he collected pieces from churches under his authority and passed them on for the Meaford windows.
When the war ended in 1945, Appleyard, now a major, returned to his Meaford parish. It was a proud day for the people of Meaford when a stage was erected in front of the Meaford Town Hall for the Governor-General, Lord Alexander of Tunis, to award the local Anglican rector the Military Cross for “calm courage, disregard of his own safety, and steadfastness of purpose”. It was a proud day for Appleyard as well, because his father had been awarded the same medal in World War I.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
From left to right:- Captain the Revd A. C. Gordier, Hon. Major the
Revd Harold F. Appelyard the Rector of Christ Church Anglican, Lt-Col
the Revd C. G. F. Stone and the Colonel the Revd Canon K. Taylor,
Senior Chaplain of Canadian Forces in Northern Europe), who all
officiated at the unveiling of the Memorial Windows at Meaford on August 11, 1946.
|
Between the windows in the nave of the church hangs a plaque inscribed with the names of six members of the parish. It is fire scorched from war damage and was a piece of a pew from Christ Church, St. James Park, Westminster. It was also given to Captain Appleyard by the architect, Mr. Sherrin.
In the cloister between the church and the parish hall are three more windows. The one on the right (Parish Hall side) contains a large panel from Canterbury Cathedral, “gladly granted” to Appleyard by the Dean and Chapter in 1943. The left window (church side) is chiefly made up of glass from the churches designed by the 17th century architect, Sir Christopher Wren, donated to Appleyard for the Meaford church war memorial by Mr. Sherrin. The centre window was commissioned and donated by Appleyard himself in gratitude for his safe return from battle.
Appleyard left Meaford in November 1949. Just
over 11 years later, he was elected Bishop of Georgian Bay. In 1970
he became Bishop Ordinary as well to the Canadian Armed Forces. The
Right Reverend Harold Appleyard, MC, DD, died in London, Ontario in
1982, shortly before his 77th
birthday.
All the bomb damaged stained glass that Major Revd Appleyard collected in Sussex was from its coastal towns and villages, all within his very large Canadian Army ‘Sussex Parish’. Major Appleyard was based in Horsham which is 16 miles from the Sussex coastline.
The Diocese of Chichester is well represented in Meaford Church, by bomb damaged stained glass from the length of the coastal area of the County of Sussex, a distance of 80 miles, listed below from east to west:-St Mary the Virgin, Rye.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 1. The glass fragments of colours and a star came from St Mary the Virgin, Rye. Star of the Sea (Stella Maris) an ancient title for the Virgin Mary. Rye has a small harbour and the ancient Church would have been
a landmark for sailors out at the sea. |
St Thomas the Martyr, Winchelsea.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 1. These coloured glass fragments came from St Thomas the Martyr, Winchelsea,
which is a mystery,
as the Church did not suffer any bomb damage during the
Second World War. It is possible the fragment came from a repair in the Church by Cox & Barnard in the 1930s. |
St Mary Magdalene, Hastings.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 2, came from St Mary Magdalene, Hastings. |
St John the Evangelist, St Leonards.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 2. The head of an ox, probably from a lost nativity scene, came from St John the Evangelist in St Leonards |
St Barnabas, Bexhill.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 1, came from St Barnabas, Bexhill |
St Anne, Eastbourne (destroyed in the Second World War)
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 2, came from St Anne's Eastbourne |
St John the Evangelist in Eastbourne.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 2. came from St John the Evangelist in Eastbourne. |
All Saints, Brighton, (later demolished - coloured glass fragments from this Church are parts of the Meaford windows, but cannot be identified at present)
Holy Trinity, Brighton.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial
Window Number 1 and is a portrayal of St George and came from the bombed damaged Holy Trinity, Brighton. |
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial
Window Number 2
The central themes in these two windows are the remains from
the Holy Trinity Brighton's larger window that originally
depicted the four Evangelists together. On the left is St Matthew and on
the right is the winged lion, a symbol associated with St Mark. This
ancient lion symbol derives from St Mark’s
description of John the Baptist’s voice “crying out in the
wilderness” upon hearing the Word of God (Mark 1:3). His voice is
said to have sounded like that of a roaring lion.
|
St John the Evangelist, Brighton.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 2.
The central stained glass image shows St John, and originally came from the bomb damaged St John the Evangelist in Brighton. |
Chichester Cathedral (see below)
St Mary's Hospital (Almshouses) Chapel, Chichester - (coloured glass fragments from this Chapel are parts of the Meaford windows, but cannot be identified at present)
Holy Trinity in Bosham, (Bosham is famed in British history because of King Canute, who tried to command the tides of the sea to go back - coloured glass fragments from this Church are parts of the Meaford windows, but cannot be identified at present) .
Meaford Church & Chichester Cathedral
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford.
This enlarged image is from the Meaford Memorial Window Number 1,
is from Chichester Cathedral and portrays St Richard with Maud of Bignor, whom it is said, St Richard cured. This window dates from the late medieval era. |
Major Revd Appleyard was not always greeted with open arms. Some of the parishioners in Chichester considered him bad luck. Chichester had never been bombed in the Second World War until the Major arrived. By extraordinary coincidence there was a bombing raid while he was on a sight seeing tour of the Cathedral. Two bombs were dropped, one landed near the Cathedral blowing out the north windows.
Major Revd Appleyard stated, “Some said the raid had been staged just for me ! of course I picked up some of the glass fragment.”
Medieval pilgrims believed that miracles could occur with a visit to St Richard's Shrine in Chichester Cathedral. In 1538 King Henry VIII ordered the complete destruction of this shrine.
copyright © Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Christ Church Anglican, Meaford, Ontario, Canada. |
In 1946 the British Government eventually woke up to what the stained glass craftsmen of Cox & Barnard had undertaken for Christ Church Anglican, Meaford, and a law was passed forbidding the export of precious and ancient glass fragments. But it was too late for the ‘Appleyard windows’, which had already been shipped off to Canada.
Some may be critical of these ancient stained glass fragments leaving the United Kingdom, but this must be weighed against the fact, that if Major Appleyard had not rescued these glass fragments from unstable bombed church rubble, they would probably have been lost to the history of art for ever. During the Second World War when in many areas of the United Kingdom, its housing stock, hospitals, civic buildings, churches and schools were destroyed or severely damaged and 1000s of people homeless, the last thing on the population’s mind, who were under the constant threat of a bombing raids, was to look for broken glass !
Cox &
Barnard of Hove were a remarkable company of stained glass craftsmen.
In post-war Britain, when there was an enormous amount of money to be
made by glass makers in re-building a war ravaged country, it was an amazing act of generosity that they were able to donate 1000s of man-hours to Major Appleyard
for free and only charged for the raw materials they used in assembling the windows. Cox &
Barnard must have been completely captivated by Major Revd
Appleyard’s personality and vision for this ‘jigsaw puzzle of a
broken glass war memorial' at Meaford, for what they may have
thought at the time ‘an obscure Anglican parish church in the
far corner of Ontario, rather than for some grand Canadian
Cathedral.’
Canadians in Brighton, Hove & Portslade
Close to Cox & Barnard’s workshop in Hove, just over 2 miles away, was Portslade Old Village with its Canadian presence. The Edmonton Regiment (part of the 1st Canadian Division), Calgary Highlanders and Queen’s Own Rifles of Canada were all stationed at various times in the war in Portslade Brewery (requisitioned, because it was the largest building in Portslade). Some of these men found sweethearts in Portslade and the marriage register of St Nicolas bears witness to the fact.
copyright © G. Osborne Portslade Brewery the 'home' of Canadian soldiers stationed in Portslade Old Village |
Royal
Canadian Air Force Flight Officer Robert (Bobby) Stewart of Winnipeg,
spent all his leave in Portslade at his Scottish born uncle’s home
in Trafalgar Road. Coincidently his uncle, David Sharp, was a
Canadian Army veteran of the First World War. Flight Officer Bobby
Stewart was involved in many air raids over Germany and ‘Mentioned
in Despatches’ several times. Sadly in 1943, Bobby was reported
missing in action in Europe and presumed dead.
In 1995 The
Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names,
named a lake as a memorial to Flight Officer Robert Stewart in his home Province
of Manitoba. Two of David Sharp's daughters married Canadian soldiers who were stationed in Portslade and after the Second World they emigrated Canada with their husbands.
See the Web-Links at the foot of this page for more detailed information on the Parish of Christ Church Anglican, Meaford. Ontario, Canada.
copyright © D. Sharp 56 Livingstone Road, Hove. |
In the 1890s the building on the
left was Hove Crèche, which was run by a Mrs E. Leaney, the central
ecclesiastical styled building was the Hove Parochial Institute (All Saints Church) and far right the Hove Council Public Baths.
In the 1930s the occupants of the three buildings were, St John’s
Ambulance & Nursing Division, St Barnabus Institute and
Hove Council Public Baths.
Cox & Barnard moved from 148 Old Shoreham Road in 1958 to the building on the left in the above photograph, the former St Barnabus Institute premises was now occupied by the Florida Beachwear Ltd, and far right was still the Hove Council Public Baths.
In the 1960s the three buildings were occupied by Cox & Barnard, Siran Motor Accessories and Hove Council Public Baths.
copyright © Royal Pavilion &
Museums, Brighton & Hove 1973 Advert |
Also in the reception area was a heraldic shield bearing three bull’s heads with a Welsh motto underneath Y droddefodd y orfy. It is the arms of the Morgan family and Barry Morgan owned the firm in the late 1990s, although sadly the firm became bankrupt in January 1994.
copyright © D. Sharp Three stained glass windows manufactured by Cox & Barnard for St Phillip's Church, Aldrington, Hove. Left to right:- St George designed by Anthony Gilbert (1955), St Cecilia designed by P. Chapman (1960) and Charity (1960) |
The firm manufactured stained glass windows for churches throughout southern England:- Essex:- 1 window, Hampshire:- 1 window, Kent:- 5 windows and Surrey:- 2 windows. Cox & Barnard's main work was for Sussex churches, for which they made stained glass windows for 32 churches.
The local area of Brighton, Hove and Portslade is well represented with Cox & Barnard stained glass windows:-
Church of the Sacred Heart, Norton Road, Hove
St Andrew’s Church, Moulescoomb, Brighton
St Mary’s Church (Roman Catholic), Preston Park, Brighton
St Nicolas Church, Portslade – St Nicolas is depicted in a small light in the tower in memory of A. C. Wheatland, verger, 1946
St Philip’s Church, New Church
Road, Aldrington, Hove.
St Thomas the Apostle, Davigdor Road, Hove
(now the Coptic Orthodox Church)
Synagogue, Holland Road, Hove
Synagogue, Middle Street, Brighton (the firm restored some of the old glass – it is now a listed building)
Synagogue, New Church Road, Hove – some lovely work including windows representing the twelve tribes of Israel. This synagogue has been now been demolished to make way for a large development for the Jewish community. Perhaps the stained-glass has been preserved for future use.
Cox & Barnard continued to design new stained glass, as well as working on restorations. For example, the firm restored some windows at Lancing College Chapel, but unfortunately they were pipped at the post, and did not receive the commission to design the dramatic rose window.
Nowadays, church stained-glass windows are usually protected from being vandalised from outside by galvanized wire guards, or the new polycarbonate sheeting.
Secular Glass
Metropole Hotel, Brighton
Hove Town Hall (designed by
Waterhouse) a triangular panel depicting Hove’s coat-of-arms in the
canopy over the entrance. (Alas, no longer with us).
Brighton Museum
In 1989 The Royal Pavilion & Museums Review published a story about two large stained glass windows rescued in 1988 by the building developers from the former Courts Furniture Stores building in Brighton.
The two large stained glass windows depict the
Sacred Ibis in the bulrushes and date from the late 1890s. The artist
and manufacturer were not known for certain, but very similar designs
of these Ibis windows were found in the archives of Cox &
Barnard.
It seems that Cox & Barnard are no more, having been described variously as ‘defunct 2016 ‘ and ‘now inactive’ with their last address being in Swansea.
For more detailed information, on Christ Church's History, Mission, Services, Church Activities & Events, etc., see the Parish's website at this web-link:- (Parish Website) - Christ Church Anglican, Meaford,
or the Parish's Facebook page at this web-link:- (Facebook) - Christ Church Anglican, Meaford
Christ Church Anglican, 34 Boucher Street E., Meaford, Ontario, Canada, N4L 1B9
***************
Sources
Canada:-
Christ Church Anglican, Meaford, Ontario.
Mr David Appleyard
Mr Edward Appleyard
Mrs Nancy (née Appleyard) Fraser
Roberta Avery A Memorial to Shattered
Cathedrals (1996) & The Memorial Windows (Christ
Church visitor’s guide, 1996)
The Rev. Brendon Bedford
Meaford Express
The Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names
England:-
Middleton, J. Encyclopaedia of Hove and Portslade
Mr G. Osborne
Personal interview
Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove
copyright © J.Middleton 2023
page layout by D. Sharp